Learning Objectives

• Discuss abdominal radiographic diagnosis using a pattern approach of bones, stones, gas and mass

• Review cases of patients with absent and abnormal bony structures on abdominal radiograph 

• Discuss diagnostic implications of size, distribution, pattern and location of calcifications in abdominal radiographic imaging 

• Learn how the presence of intraluminal and/or extraluminal gas informs diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathology 

• Review examples of abdominal radiographs depicting organomegaly and tumors in pediatric patients 

• Identify the different views through which one can make diagnoses using cranial ultrasound 

• Explain the benefit of performing cranial ultrasound through an approach alternative to anterior fontanelle using specific clinical scenarios Identify high-risk traumatic mechanisms that can result in abdominal injuries and describe the CT findings associated with them 

• List common outcomes associated with image findings resulting from traumatic injury and how they influence medical decision-making 

• Review the differential diagnosis for echogenic lesions found on cranial sonography 

• Appreciate features that help to refine the diagnosis when evaluating echogenic lesions on cranial sonography 

• Review risk factors for renal injury in children who experience abdominal trauma 

• Discuss the relationship of the grade of hematuria to the risk and severity of renal injury 

• Outline the system of grading for renal injury 

• Review abdominal imaging strategies for diagnosing and grading renal injury, including ultrasound and computed tomography 

• Review the indications for a chest CT in children and outline the technique by which chest CTs are performed 

• Discuss case examples illustrating the utility of chest CT in the diagnosis and management of children facing thoracic trauma 

• Compare chest trauma in adults and children