Recall foundational physiologic principles—especially the alveolar gas equation—that govern oxygenation and ventilation in critically ill pediatric cardiac patients

Explain how hypoventilation, rather than intrinsic lung disease, is a common cause of hypoxemia in sedated or intubated children with congenital heart disease

Apply airway and ventilation strategies that minimize harm in patients with fragile cardiac physiology (e.g., Tetralogy of Fallot, HLHS/Norwood, Glenn, Fontan, cardiomyopathy)

Analyze cyanosis, hypoxemia, and hemodynamic deterioration to distinguish airway problems from circulatory or shunt‑related causes

Evaluate safe approaches to airway management, suctioning, oxygen delivery, ventilation, and intubation in patients with low cardiac output or passive pulmonary blood flow